
Spring Tides, the greatest tides of a lunar month, occur when the gravity of the Moon and the Sun are in direct alignment with the Earth, which occurs during Full Moon and New Moon phases of the Earth's Moon. Neap Tides, when the Sun's gravity partially cancels-out the gravitational pull of the Moon resulting in lower tides, occur during the Moon's First and Last Quarter phases. Spring Tides were a prerequisite for a successful D-Day invasion on 1944 June 6.
(Graphic Source: National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce)
By Glenn A. Walsh
Reporting for SpaceWatchtower
On Tuesday Morning, 1944 June 6, 75
years-ago today on a date known as “D-Day”, Allied Forces landed
on the coast of Normandy in France, to begin the liberation of
German-occupied France in Operation Overlord during World War II. The
date of D-Day was no accident. The phase of the Moon was critical if
D-Day was going to be a success!
Operation Overlord was actually the
code-name for the entire Battle of Normandy. The Normandy Landings,
commonly known as D-Day, was officially known as Operation Neptune,
as it was to be the largest sea-borne invasion in history. In Roman
mythology, Neptune was the god of the sea. Of course, Neptune also
became the name of the eighth planet from the Sun, first observed by
Johann Galle on 1846 September 23, from calculations developed by Urbain Le Verrier.
The D-Day invasion force consisted of 5,000 ships and landing craft carrying 130,000 soldiers across the English Channel from England to the Normandy beaches. More than a thousand air transports carried another 24,000 paratroopers and glider men, who landed in zones behind enemy lines. Just before sunrise, the Allied airplanes and ships started a constant bombardment on German strongholds along the coast. The nations participating in the D-Day invasion were the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Norway, and Poland.
The D-Day invasion force consisted of 5,000 ships and landing craft carrying 130,000 soldiers across the English Channel from England to the Normandy beaches. More than a thousand air transports carried another 24,000 paratroopers and glider men, who landed in zones behind enemy lines. Just before sunrise, the Allied airplanes and ships started a constant bombardment on German strongholds along the coast. The nations participating in the D-Day invasion were the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Czechoslovakia, France, Norway, and Poland.
Military planners set certain
conditions for the Normandy invasion. First, it had to be a complete
surprise to the Germans defending the French coast. Even though the
Germans were expecting some type of invasion some day, they did not
when or where it would occur.
In fact, U.S. General George S. Patton,
who was well-respected by the German High Command, prepared a phantom
army in eastern England for a supposed alternate invasion of France at Pas de Calais in
Operation Fortitude. Through false intelligence leaks to German
intelligence and deceptive military radio traffic (the 1944 version
of “fake news”), as well as fictitious props and decoys to be
observed by German air reconnaissance, German military planners were
successfully convinced that the Allied invasion would occur at the
narrowest section of the English Channel.
Also necessary for a successful
invasion would be early morning time-of-day, reasonable weather and
sea conditions, the lowest and then highest tides possible, and a
Moon phase of Full Moon.
There are two reasons why the phase of
the Moon was so important.
- Spring Tides - Although D-Day occurred during the season of Spring, Spring Tides have nothing to do with the Spring season. Each day, the gravity of the Moon causes high and low tides along ocean coast-lines. Twice a month, at the Full Moon and New Moon phases of Earth's Moon, the Earth, Moon, and Sun are in a straight alignment known as a Syzygy. At this time, the gravity of the Sun reinforces the gravity of the Moon to provide the highest and lowest tides of the month; these are known as Spring Tides.
Special Note: Summer in June of 1944 would not begin until Wednesday, 1944 June 21 at 13:02:45 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT - equivalent to today's Coordinated Universal Time) / 9:02:45 a.m. U.S. Eastern War Time (equivalent to today's Eastern Daylight Saving Time) / 3:02:45 p.m. British Double-Summer Time. During World War II, Great Britain advanced clocks two hours ahead of normal time (Greenwich Mean Time) during the warm-weather months, while America advanced clocks one hour ahead of Standard Time, called “War Time,” for the duration of the war. Allied Invasion Forces utilized British Double-Summer Time. - Full Moon - A Full Moon can provide illumination at night (after dusk) and early morning (before dawn), for areas where there is no artificial illumination, for aircraft pilots, glider pilots, and paratroopers.
The best tides were extremely important
for the landing of troops on the Normandy beaches to be successful.
Military planners needed the lowest tides possible at the beginning
of the invasion near sunrise, while the highest tides possible during
the actual ship landings later in the morning. During only a three-day period twice a month, when Spring Tides were available (during Full Moon and New Moon
phases), could the needs of these military
plans be satisfied.
Originally, U.S. General Dwight D.
Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of the Expeditionary Forces in Europe,
had planned to implement D-Day in May, but the invasion force was not ready. He decided that the invasion force would be ready by June 5, when Spring Tides and the
Full Moon would be advantageous (even though Full Moon did not
actually occur until June 6). However on June 4, British military weather
forecasters advised him that high winds and heavy seas made a June 5
landing impossible. So, General Eisenhower reluctantly agreed to a
24-hour delay.
Had bad weather also prevented a June 6
landing in Normandy, the D-Day landings may have been postponed until
the June 18 to 20 period of time (probably June 19) during the New
Moon phase when Spring Tides would also be available. The New Moon
phase occurred on Tuesday, 1944 June 20 at 17:00 Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT) / 1:00 p.m. U.S. Eastern War Time / 7:00 p.m. British
Double-Summer Time.
However, an invasion during the New Moon phase did have the major
disadvantage of no illumination from the Moon during the early
morning, pre-sunrise paratrooper and glider landings behind enemy
lines. So, General Eisenhower really did want to execute D-Day on
June 6, which would also maximize the number of fighting days on the
European Continent during the warm-weather months.
A very low tide at the very beginning
of the invasion would expose mined obstacles, such as stakes, ramps, tetrahedrons, hedgehogs, and Belgian Gates, all connected with barbed wire, which the Nazis had placed in the ocean near shore
specifically to prevent invasion ships from landing. A very low tide
would allow engineers in demolition parties to destroy these
obstacles before the landing ships arrived.
Military planners also planned on
having these demolitions executed during a rising tide. This was
necessary since they needed the landing craft to land on the beach as
soon as the obstacles were gone. And, the landing craft needed a high
tide to land on the beach.
However, the engineers only had about a
half-hour, between initial landings of the demolition crews (on June 6 at 4:30 Greenwich Mean Time / 12:30 a.m. U.S. Eastern War Time / 6:30 a.m. British Double-Summer Time) and the
rising water level of the rising tide, to perform their demolitions.
In the case of Omaha Beach, code name for one of two beaches where
American troops landed, it was not enough time. The military planners
had planned on the demolition crews providing 16 gaps in the Nazi's
wall of obstacles; the engineers only had time to create 5 such gaps.
This is why Omaha Beach is considered the bloodiest landing of the
five beaches where troops landed.
American troops also landed at Utah
Beach, while Canadian troops landed at Juno Beach. British troops
landed at Gold and Sword Beaches.
A key part of the plan was to land
troops behind enemy lines long before sunrise on D-Day, to capture or
destroy rail and road bridges, secure control of causeways, and
secure control of key roads and intersections. This was accomplished
by U.S. and British Airborne Divisions through landings by
paratroopers and glider men. Paratroopers and silent gliders started landing
in Normandy on June 5 around 23:30 Greenwich Mean Time / 7:30 p.m.
U.S. Eastern War Time / June 6, 1:30 a.m. British Double-Summer Time,
following pathfinder paratroopers who had jumped about an hour
earlier.
So, military planners considered it
very important to have a bright Full Moon available to guide the
Airborne Divisions to the drop-sites, and to guide the paratroopers
and glider men to their landing sites. The time of the phase of Full
Moon on D-Day (June 6) occurred at 18:58 Greenwich Mean Time / 2:58 p.m.
U.S. Eastern War Time / 8:58 p.m. British Double-Summer Time.
Until recently, there was a mistaken
belief that, to ensure darkness and complete surprise to Nazi troops
as aircraft approached Normandy, military planners had planned on a
late-rising Moon. In other words, the Moon would not rise, and create
the needed night-time illumination, until after the aircraft had
reached Normandy. This mistaken belief was promoted by a magazine
article published in the Saturday Evening Post on 1946 June 8
by General Eisenhower's chief-of-staff during the war, General Walter
Bedell Smith. In the article, General Smith wrote, “For the
airborne landings … we needed a late-rising full Moon, so the
pilots could approach their objectives in darkness, but have
moonlight to pick out the drop zones.”
Early this month, in a Sky and
Telescope Magazine on-line article, the record is corrected by Texas State
University Professor Donald Olson. Citing astronomical calculations,
Professor Olson found that the Moon actually rose about an hour and
a-half before sunset on June 5 and remained in the sky the
rest of the evening and the early morning of June 6 until around
sunrise. Over Normandy, Moon-rise occurred on June 5 at 18:30 Greenwich Mean Time /
8:30 p.m. British Double-Summer Time, when the Moon was 99 per-cent
illuminated by the Sun; sunset was June 5 at 20:01 Greenwich Mean
Time / 10:01 p.m. British Double-Summer Time.
Local lunar transit, when the Moon
reaches the highest point in the sky on a particular day, occurred
over Normandy on June 5 at 23:19 Greenwich Mean Time / June 6 at 1:19
a.m. British Double-Summer Time. This was equivalent to June 5, 7:19 p.m.
U.S. Eastern War Time, even though the Moon would not rise in America
until later in the evening (Moon-rise in Pittsburgh was June 5, 7:40
p.m. U.S. Eastern War Time).
Actually, this is typical behavior of a
Full Moon. Every month, on or near the day of Full Moon, the Moon
rises around the time of sunset, stays visible in the sky providing
the brightest Moon-light of the month (weather-permitting)
all-night-long, and sets around the time of sunrise.
The success of D-Day was truly a team
effort, and science and technology played a critical role in the
Allied victory in Normandy. Astronomers, meteorologists, geologists, geographers, engineers, military planners, radio operators, aircraft
pilots and crews, glider pilots, paratroopers, and combat field medics were an important part of the
invasion, in addition to the thousands of soldiers, sailors, and
Marines who landed on the beaches that historic day.
Internet Links to Additional Information ---
More detailed information on Astronomy, Tides, and the D-Day Landings from
Sky and Telescope Magazine:
Link >>> https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/astronomy-d-day-sun-moon-tides/
D-Day:
Link 1 >>> https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/d-dayhttps://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/d-day
Link 2 >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings
Full Moon: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_moon
Spring Tides: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide#Range_variation:_springs_and_neaps
Syzgy: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)
Related Blog Posts ---
"Astronomy & World War II." Sun., 2014 Sept. 7.
Link >>> https://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2014/09/astronomy-world-war-ii.html
"WWII Medals Return to Earth in Time for Veterans' Day." Tue., 2014 Nov. 11.
Link >>> https://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2014/11/wwii-medals-return-to-earth-in-time-for.html
Source: Glenn A. Walsh Reporting for SpaceWatchtower, a project of Friends of the Zeiss.
Thursday, 2019 June 6.
Like This Post? Please Share!
More Astronomy & Science News - SpaceWatchtower Twitter Feed:
Link >>> https://twitter.com/spacewatchtower
Astronomy & Science Links: Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/#sciencelinks
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Send request to < spacewatchtower@planetarium.cc >.
gaw
Glenn A. Walsh, Informal Science Educator & Communicator:
< http://buhlplanetarium2.tripod.com/weblog/spacewatchtower/gaw/ >
Electronic Mail: < gawalsh@planetarium.cc >
Project Director, Friends of the Zeiss: < http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/fotz/ >
SpaceWatchtower Editor / Author: < http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/ >
Formerly Astronomical Observatory Coordinator & Planetarium Lecturer, original Buhl Planetarium & Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center), Pittsburgh's science & technology museum from 1939 to 1991.
Formerly Trustee, Andrew Carnegie Free Library and Music Hall, Pittsburgh suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
Author of History Web Sites on the Internet --
* Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh:
< http://www.planetarium.
* Adler Planetarium, Chicago:
< http://adlerplanetarium.
* Astronomer, Educator, Optician John A. Brashear:
< http://johnbrashear.tripod.com >
* Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Libraries:
< http://www.andrewcarnegie.
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