Monday, May 23, 2022

Public Comments Due May 31: NASA Plans to Explore Moon & Mars

  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mars%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg

These two photographs show a side-by-side comparison of the sizes of the planets Earth (on left) and Mars (on right). Now, NASA seeks input on future Deep Space exploration, particularly human exploration of the Moon and Mars.

[Image Sources: NASA (image of Earth), European Space Agency (image of Mars), Wikipedia.org, By Earth: NASA/Apollo 17 crew; Mars: ESA/MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/RSSD/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA - File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpgFile:OSIRIS Mars true color.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39785451}

By Glenn A. Walsh

Reporting for SpaceWatchtower

Last week (on 2022 May 17), NASA released a draft document containing a set of high-level objectives regarding future human exploration of the Moon and Mars. NASA is seeking input from U.S. industry, academia, international communities, NASA employees, and other stakeholders, as well as the general public, regarding these objectives; comments are due to NASA by May 31.

The NASA draft document identifies 50 proposed objectives, within four major categories:

  1. Transportation and Habitation

  2. Moon and Mars Infrastructure

  3. Operations

  4. Science

An Internet link to the draft NASA document can be found near the end of this blog-post. Another Internet link to provide NASA with public comments can also be found near the end of this blog-post.

“The feedback we receive on the objectives we have identified will inform our exploration plans at the Moon and Mars for the next 20 years,” said NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy. “We’re looking within NASA and to external stakeholders to help us fine-tune these objectives and be as transparent as possible throughout our process. With this approach, we will find potential gaps in our architecture as well as areas where our goals align with those from industry and international partners for future collaboration.”

This project is being managed by a team in the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington.

“These objectives will move us toward our first analog Mars mission with crew in space and prepare us for the first human mission to the surface of the Red Planet,” said Jim Free, NASA Associate Administrator for the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate. “After reviewing feedback on the objectives, we will work with our partners to discuss input and finalize our framework this fall.”

Feedback on the draft document will be discussed at two NASA-sponsored stakeholder workshops. The first in June will be with NASA partners in American industry and academia. The second workshop in July will be with international organizations.

NASA Draft Document of 50 Objectives:

Link >>> https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/moon-to-mars-objectives-.pdf

Public comments will be accepted at the following NASA web-site. Public comments are due to NASA by the end of the business day on Tuesday Afternoon, 2022 May 31:

Link >>> https://socialforms.nasa.gov/m2m-objectives

Internet Links to Additional Information ---

NASA News Release on this project: Link >>> https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-seeks-input-on-moon-to-mars-objectives-comments-due-may-31

NASA Artemis Program to Return Humans to the Moon:

Link 1 >>> https://www.nasa.gov/artemis-1

Link 2 >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program

Moon: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon

Mars: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

Source: Glenn A. Walsh Reporting for SpaceWatchtower, a project of Friends of the Zeiss

                 Monday, 2022 May 23.

                             Like This Post?  Please Share!

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gaw

Glenn A. Walsh, Informal Science Educator & Communicator:
Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium2.tripod.com/weblog/spacewatchtower/gaw/
Electronic Mail: < gawalsh@planetarium.cc >
Project Director, Friends of the Zeiss: Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/fotz/
SpaceWatchtower Editor / Author: Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/
Formerly Astronomical Observatory Coordinator & Planetarium Lecturer, original Buhl Planetarium & Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center), Pittsburgh's science & technology museum from 1939 to 1991.
Formerly Trustee, Andrew Carnegie Free Library and Music Hall, Pittsburgh suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
Author of History Web Sites on the Internet --
* Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh: Link >>>  http://www.planetarium.cc  Buhl Observatory: Link >>>  http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2016/11/75th-anniversary-americas-5th-public.html
* Adler Planetarium, Chicago: Link >>> http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com
* Astronomer, Educator, Optician John A. Brashear: Link >>> http://johnbrashear.tripod.com
* Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Libraries: Link >>> http://www.andrewcarnegie.cc

* Other Walsh-Authored Blog & Web-Sites: Link >>> https://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/gawweb.html

 

 

Thursday, May 19, 2022

Live-Stream Thur. PM: NASA Starliner Test Flight Launch

        

This Sunday, 2019 December 22 photograph shows the Boeing Starliner space capsule following a landing at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, during the first Orbital Flight Test (OFT). A scheduled docking with the International Space Station (ISS) was scrubbed due to technical difficulties. Consequently, the mission ended early.

(Image Sources: NASA, Wikipedia.org, By NASA/Bill Ingalls - https://www.flickr.com/photos/nasahqphoto/49258250868/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=85140253)

By Glenn A. Walsh

Reporting for SpaceWatchtower

SpaceX has been launching NASA astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) since 2020. Early Thursday evening, the Boeing Corporation plans to launch their uncrewed Starliner space vehicle to the ISS in the second test of an alternative method of transporting astronauts into Outer Space.

NASA's Boeing Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2) mission of the United Launch Alliance’s (ULA) CST-100 Starliner spacecraft, on an Atlas V rocket, for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, is scheduled for launch to the ISS on Thursday Evening, 2022 May 19 at 6:54 p.m. Eastern Daylight Saving Time (EDT) / 22:54 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

NASA-TV Live-Stream coverage on the Internet begins on Thursday at 6:00 p.m. EDT / 22:00 UTC. Assuming no problems or delays with the launch, a NASA post-launch news conference is scheduled for Thursday at 9:00 p.m. EDT / Friday at 1:00 UTC.

NASA-TV will also provide Live-Stream Internet coverage of three other scheduled events:

  • Friday, 2022 May 20, 3:30 p.m. EDT / 19:30 UTC - Rendezvous and docking of NASA's Boeing Orbital Flight Test-2 vehicle to the International Space Station

  • Saturday, 2022 May 21, 11:30 a.m. EDT / 15:30 UTC - Opening of the hatch to NASA's Boeing Orbital Flight Test-2 vehicle at the International Space Station (Hatch opening is scheduled at 11:45 a.m. EDT / 15:45 UTC and will continue through welcoming remarks by the crew)

  • Saturday, 2022 May 21, 1:00 p.m. EDT / 17:00 UTC - Welcoming remarks by the Expedition 67 crew on the arrival of NASA's Boeing Orbital Flight Test-2 vehicle to the International Space Station

Internet link to NASA-TV Live-Stream coverage of these scheduled events can be found near the end of this blog-post.

The Boeing Starliner capsule has a diameter of 15.0 feet / 4.56 meters. This is slightly larger than the Apollo Command Module and the SpaceX Dragon 2 capsule; it is slightly smaller than the Orion capsule. Starliner can hold a crew of up to seven people and can stay docked to the ISS for up to seven months. The Starliner capsule is designed to be reused--for up-to ten flights. It is compatible with the Delta IV, Falcon 9, and Vulcan Centaur launch vehicles, in addition to the Atlas V which will be used for the OFT-2 launch

This uncrewed flight will carry 800 pounds of cargo to the ISS. This includes about 500 pounds of NASA cargo and crew supplies.

According to a NASA news release, “OFT-2 will test the end-to-end capabilities of Starliner from launch to docking, atmospheric re-entry, and a desert landing in the western United States. OFT-2 will provide valuable data that will help NASA certify Boeing’s crew transportation system to carry astronauts to and from the space station.”

Rosie the Rocketeer, Boeing's anthropometric test device, will be in the Starliner commander’s seat during the OFT-2 mission. During the OFT-1 mission, Rosie the Rocketeer was outfitted with 15 sensors to develop information regarding what live astronauts would experience during a Starliner mission. This data capture will be enhanced during the OFT-2 mission.

Automated operation of the Starliner vehicle will be one of the primary tests of the OFT-2 mission. This includes autonomous docking with the Space Station using Starliner’s vision-based navigation system. Starliner will also demonstrate the spacecraft's ability to autonomously retreat from a docking approach, in the case of an emergency.

Once Starliner docks with the ISS, it will spend 5-to-10 days docked to the Space Station. The Starliner will, then, return to Earth, landing in the western United States, with nearly 600 pounds of cargo, including reusable Nitrogen Oxygen Recharge System tanks that provide breathable air to station crew members.

The OFT-2 mission will be Boeing's second orbital flight test of Starliner. The first mission, OFT-1 in December of 2019, ended prematurely due to technical problems; a scheduled docking with the ISS did not occur. A second attempt (Boe-OFT-2) in August of 2021 was never launched, due to inoperable valves in the propulsion system. The OFT-2 mission includes the first flight of the second Starliner crew module.

With the OFT-2 mission, Boeing hopes to prove to NASA that the Starliner meets the space agency's requirements for safe transportation of astronauts into Outer Space, including docking with the ISS. Upon completion of a successful OFT-2 mission, a Starliner Crew Flight Test (CFT) to the ISS with NASA astronauts could occur before the end of this year.

Internet Link to LIVE-STREAM coverage of NASA Boeing Starliner launch and events:

Link >>> https://www.nasa.gov/nasalive

Internet links to additional information ---

Starliner:

Link 1 >>> https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/tag/cst-100-starliner/ 

Link 2 >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Starliner 

NASA News Release on Starliner Launch: Link >>> https://www.nasa.gov/feature/what-you-need-to-know-about-nasa-s-boeing-orbital-flight-test-2-0

Photograph of Starliner crew module being mounted on Atlas V launch vehicle at Cape Canaveral:

Link >>> https://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2022/05/astro-calendar-2022-may-starliner-test.html

Related Blog-Posts ---

 "Starliner Test Flight May 19." Mon., 2022 May 2.

Link >>> https://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2022/05/astro-calendar-2022-may-starliner-test.html

"Update: Boeing Starliner Launch Delayed Indefinitely." Sun., 2021 Aug. 1.

Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2021/08/astro-calendar-2021-aug-boeing.html

Source: Glenn A. Walsh Reporting for SpaceWatchtower, a project of Friends of the Zeiss

                 Thursday, 2022 May 19.

                             Like This Post?  Please Share!

           More Astronomy & Science News - SpaceWatchtower Twitter Feed:
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                Want to receive SpaceWatchtower blog posts in your in-box ?
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gaw

Glenn A. Walsh, Informal Science Educator & Communicator:
Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium2.tripod.com/weblog/spacewatchtower/gaw/
Electronic Mail: < gawalsh@planetarium.cc >
Project Director, Friends of the Zeiss: Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/fotz/
SpaceWatchtower Editor / Author: Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/
Formerly Astronomical Observatory Coordinator & Planetarium Lecturer, original Buhl Planetarium & Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center), Pittsburgh's science & technology museum from 1939 to 1991.
Formerly Trustee, Andrew Carnegie Free Library and Music Hall, Pittsburgh suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
Author of History Web Sites on the Internet --
* Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh: Link >>>  http://www.planetarium.cc  Buhl Observatory: Link >>>  http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2016/11/75th-anniversary-americas-5th-public.html
* Adler Planetarium, Chicago: Link >>> http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com
* Astronomer, Educator, Optician John A. Brashear: Link >>> http://johnbrashear.tripod.com
* Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Libraries: Link >>> http://www.andrewcarnegie.cc

* Other Walsh-Authored Blog & Web-Sites: Link >>> https://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/gawweb.html

 

Friday, May 13, 2022

Total Lunar Eclipse Sun. PM/Mon. AM w/Live-Streams

                   

This graphic shows the configuration of the Sun, Earth, and Earth's Moon during a Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon. (Graphic sources: Wikipedia.org, By Sagredo - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3629491)

By Glenn A. Walsh

Reporting for SpaceWatchtower

A Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon, visible in most of the Western Hemisphere, Western Europe, and Africa, occurs late Sunday night and early Monday morning.

A Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon is the only category of eclipses which is safe to view with the unaided eyes (one-power), binoculars, and a telescope.

Live-stream Web-casts of this Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon will be available for observers not in a region where the Eclipse is visible in the sky, or where weather conditions make such an observation impossible (Internet links to these Live-streams near the end of this blog-post).

Everyone on the night side or dark side of the Earth can view at least part of any Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon, weather-permitting. For the May 15 to 16 eclipse, only people in north-western North America, eastern Europe, Asia, Middle East, and the extreme eastern section of Africa could not view any part of the eclipse in the sky; they would need to watch the eclipse on the Internet.

Internet link to a graphic by NASA, showing areas of the Earth where the Eclipse will be visible weather-permitting, can be found near the end of this blog-post.

MAJOR STAGES OF TOTAL LUNAR ECLIPSE / TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE MOON –--

Late Sunday Evening, 2022 May 15 and Early Monday Morning, 2022 May 16 -

[Eastern Daylight Saving Time (EDT) / Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)]

(Note that a Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon is the only type of Eclipse where the times of Eclipse are the same world-wide when using Coordinated Universal Time, the international time used by scientists. Everyone on the night side or dark side of Earth can view this Eclipse in the sky, weather-permitting.)

Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Begins --- Sun., 9:31:44 p.m. EDT / Mon., 1:31:44 UTC

Partial Lunar Eclipse Begins --- Sun., 10:27:31 p.m. EST / Mon., 2:27:31 UTC

Total Lunar Eclipse Begins --- Sun., 11:28:40 p.m. EDT / Mon., 3:28:40 UTC

Greatest Total Lunar Eclipse --- Mon., 12:11:31 a.m. EDT / 4:11:31 UTC

Primary Moon Phase: Full Moon – Flower Moon --- Mon., 12:14 a.m. EDT / 4:14 UTC

Total Lunar Eclipse Ends --- Mon., 12:54:11 a.m. EDT / 4:54:11 UTC

Partial Lunar Eclipse Ends --- Mon., 1:55:27 a.m. EDT / 5:55:27 UTC

Penumbral Lunar Eclipse Ends --- Mon., 2:51:11 a.m. EDT / 6:51:11 UTC

A Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon occurs when the orbit of the Moon brings our natural satellite into the Earth's shadow (shadow caused by the Earth completely blocking light from the Sun). The Earth's shadow, extending into Outer Space from the night side or dark side of the Earth, is divided into two sections: the dim Penumbra or Penumbral shadow, which encircles the deeper Umbra or Umbral shadow.

A Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon always occurs near the time, and including the time, of a Full Moon. Many Native Americans called the Full Moon of May the Flower Moon, but, more on that later. The Moon's orbit is slightly tilted, so most months at the primary Moon phase of Full Moon, the Moon moves above or below the Earth's shadow, with no Eclipse occurring. Only when the Full Moon crosses the plane of the Earth's orbit will a Lunar Eclipse occur.

When the Earth's dim shadow, known as the Penumbra, falls on the Moon, it is called a Penumbral Lunar Eclipse / Penumbral Eclipse of the Moon. Because the Earth's shadow is dim in this case, this type of Eclipse is difficult to discern.

When the Earth's deep shadow, known as the Umbra, falls on only part of the Moon's surface, this is known as a Partial Lunar Eclipse / Partial Eclipse of the Moon. This is more easily visible, if you are in the right location and weather conditions are acceptable.

A Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon is when the Earth's deep shadow, or Umbra, completely envelops the Moon. Usually, a Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon only occurs once every 2.5 years, approximately, as seen from someplace in the world.

The last one happened on 2021 May 26. This is exactly one Lunar Year between the 2021 May 26 and 2022 May 16 Total Lunar Eclipses. A Lunar Year, 354.4 days long, is 11 days shorter than a Gregorian Calendar Year. A Lunar Year is composed of 12 Lunations. One Lunation is the time period between one Full Moon Phase and the next Full Moon Phase, or about 29.5 days.

Interestingly, it actually only takes 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes for the Moon to make one complete orbit around the Earth (The Moon appears to move 12-to-13 degrees east, in the sky, every day; this is why moonrise is, on average, about 50 minutes later each day.). Due to the Earth's revolution around the Sun, the Moon must travel a couple extra days to make-up for the added distance and complete the Lunation.

The next Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon will occur on 2022 November 8, one Lunar Semester (6 Lunations) from the 2022 May 16 Eclipse. And, one Lunar Year from the 2022 May 16 Eclipse will be a slight Eclipse, a Penumbral Lunar Eclipse / Penumbral Eclipse of the Moon on 2023 May 5 to 6.

The total duration of the 2022 May 15 to 16 Eclipse will be 5 hours and 19 minutes. The duration of the Total Phase of this Eclipse will be 1 hour and 25 minutes. The duration of the Partial Phases of this Eclipse will be 2 hours and 2 minutes. The duration of the Penumbral Phases of this Eclipse will be 1 hour and 51 minutes.

Of course, "Totality" / Total Phase of a Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon is the most impressive part of this type of Eclipse, what most people wait to see. The Partial Phases of the Eclipse are when a piece of the Moon seems missing, as the Moon moves further into the Earth's main shadow known as the Umbra, or as the Eclipse is ending and the Moon is further moving out of the Earth's Umbra.

The Penumbral Phases of the Eclipse are difficult to see, as the Moon moves into or out of the Earth's secondary shadow or Penumbra. In this case, one would not see any chunks or bites taken out of the Moon's disk, as one would see when the Moon moves into the Umbra shadow during the Partial Phases. Instead, if your eyes are very good, you may notice a slight dimming of the light coming from the Moon, as the Moon moves further into the Penumbral shadow

Although no direct sunlight reaches the Moon during a Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon, the Earth's atmosphere refracts the sunlight around our planet allowing a portion of the sunlight to continue to be transmitted to the Moon. However, the refracted light reaching the Moon is primarily in the yellow, orange, and red portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (the Earth's atmosphere filters-out the violet, blue, and green colors), as with orange or red-tinted sunrises and sunsets (during such a Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon, a person standing on the side of the Moon facing Earth could see all Earth sunrises and sunsets simultaneously, as they viewed the Earth in a Total Solar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Sun --- but, even on the Moon, a person would need to take strong precautions to ensure their eye-sight is not damaged by such a view). Hence, it is orange or red light that is reflected from the Moon back into your eyes during a Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon.

Hence, particularly during the middle of a Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon, the Moon will not disappear from view but can be seen with an orange or reddish tint, what some call "blood red" (this is sometimes referred to as a “Blood Moon”). If the Earth had no atmosphere, likely no sunlight would reach the Moon during a Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon, and there would be no "Blood Moon;" the Moon would seem to completely disappear.

A telescope or binoculars can make Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon observations more valuable. However, in the case of a Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon, binoculars or a telescope would not be necessary. A Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon can, usually, be easily observed with the naked-eyes (one-power).

For areas where a Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon occurs near the time of Moon-rise or Moon-set, a good view of the horizon would be necessary to achieve a good view of such an Eclipse. This would be particularly true for areas where hills or mountains, tree-cover, or buildings could obstruct the view of the horizon.

A good view of the horizon may also be important when the Eclipse has a lower Declination, that is the object being viewed crosses the sky at a lower elevation in the sky. In the case of a Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon, such an object would always have a lower Declination during months in, and adjacent to, the season of Summer. 

As with all celestial events observed from the surface of planet Earth, sky weather conditions must be acceptable for a successful observation. Inclement weather, including many clouds in the sky, can make a Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon observation difficult, if not impossible. Again,, one or more Live-Stream Web-Casts on the Internet may be available if weather conditions do not allow direct viewing of the event.

Aristotle Discovers World is Round Due, in Part, to Lunar Eclipse

Civilized society has known that the Earth is not flat, but is round, for about 2500 years. The famous Greek philosopher and academic, Aristotle who lived between 384 and 322 B.C., used a Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon as one demonstration that the Earth is round.

This was documented in a book he published around 350 B.C. As he observed the Earth's shadow pass across the face of the Moon, he noticed that the shadow is curved, which is one of three indications he found that the Earth is round.

As the percentage of the Earth's shadow which falls on the Moon is relatively small, an observation of the curvature of the Earth's shadow on the Moon is not easy to discern, particularly without use of binoculars or a telescope which were not available in Aristotle's day. One of the best times to search for curvature of the Earth's shadow on the surface of the Moon, during a Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon, is during the middle of either partial eclipse phase, when the largest portion of the shadow's edge can be viewed.  The shadow's curvature may also be noticeable near the time just before total eclipse phase begins and just after total eclipse phase ends.

One of the other two indications, determined by Aristotle, was the concept that gravity required a common center for a planetary body such as Earth. He also noticed that different stars were seen from different locations on our planet, and some stars cannot be seen from certain locations.

Full Moon of May

The Primary Moon Phase of Full Moon occurs in May on Monday Morning, 2022 May 16 at 12:14 a.m. EDT / 4:14 UTC. At the mid-point of Spring, with flowers finally starting to bloom after the long cold Winter, the May Full Moon is primarily known as the Flower Moon to Native Americans.

Due to increasing fertility in mid-Spring, along with the end of hard frosts and warmer temperatures better attuned to the bearing of young and the raising of crops, in the Northern Hemisphere the Full Moon of May is also known as the Mother's Moon, and the Corn-Planting Moon or just Planting Moon. And, as Beltaine (better known as May Day, on May 1) was the time when farmers in Medieval Europe would move their cows to the better Summer pastures, it was also known as the Milk Moon.

As the Southern Hemisphere begins to enter their colder months, their Full Moon names include Hunter's Moon, Beaver Moon, and Frost Moon.

Full Moon of May Could Have Affected U.S. Civil War

In a 2013 study, Astronomer Don Olson and Researcher Laurie E. Jasinski from Texas State University claim an errant shot, influenced by the Full Moon, could have affected the outcome of the U.S. Civil War.

During the Battle of Chancellorsville in Virginia, on 1863 May 2, Confederate soldiers inadvertently shot Confederate General Stonewall Jackson. The General had been mistaken for enemy troops when the mishap occurred.

According to the Texas State University researchers, the angle of the moonlight of the Full Moon, that evening, obscured the view of the Confederate infantrymen, the men of the 18th North Carolina Infantry Regiment. Their conclusion is based on the use moon phases and maps to reconstruct the incident.

General Stonewall Jackson lost his left arm to amputation due to the incident. Due to his weakened condition, he died of pneumonia eight days later.

Live-Stream Web-Casts of 2022 May 15 to 16 Total Lunar Eclipse / Total Eclipse of the Moon ---

Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles: Link >>> https://griffithobservatory.org/event/total-lunar-eclipse-broadcast/ 

Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona (YouTube.com): Link >>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRhFaNVxGrQ

TimeandDate.com: Link >>> https://www.timeanddate.com/live/eclipse-lunar-2022-may-16

Virtual Telescope Project (YouTube.com): Link >>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3M6FSVRXWA

High Point Scientific (YouTube.com): Link >>> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j85KhAmgUuk

Internet Links to Additional Information ---

World Map Showing Areas of Eclipse Visibility (NASA): Link >>> https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4981&button=recent

Lunar Eclipse / Eclipse of the Moon: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse

Earth's Moon: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon 

Our Solar System's Sun: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun

Additional links and information: Link >>> https://buhlplanetarium4.tripod.com/astrocalendar/2022.html#luneclipse20220516 

Source: Glenn A. Walsh Reporting for SpaceWatchtower, a project of Friends of the Zeiss

                 Friday, 2022 May 13.

                             Like This Post?  Please Share!

           More Astronomy & Science News - SpaceWatchtower Twitter Feed:
            Link >>> https://twitter.com/spacewatchtower

        Astronomy & Science Links: Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/#sciencelinks

                Want to receive SpaceWatchtower blog posts in your in-box ?
                Send request to < spacewatchtower@planetarium.cc >.

gaw

Glenn A. Walsh, Informal Science Educator & Communicator:
Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium2.tripod.com/weblog/spacewatchtower/gaw/
Electronic Mail: < gawalsh@planetarium.cc >
Project Director, Friends of the Zeiss: Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/fotz/
SpaceWatchtower Editor / Author: Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/
Formerly Astronomical Observatory Coordinator & Planetarium Lecturer, original Buhl Planetarium & Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center), Pittsburgh's science & technology museum from 1939 to 1991.
Formerly Trustee, Andrew Carnegie Free Library and Music Hall, Pittsburgh suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
Author of History Web Sites on the Internet --
* Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh: Link >>>  http://www.planetarium.cc  Buhl Observatory: Link >>>  http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2016/11/75th-anniversary-americas-5th-public.html
* Adler Planetarium, Chicago: Link >>> http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com
* Astronomer, Educator, Optician John A. Brashear: Link >>> http://johnbrashear.tripod.com
* Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Libraries: Link >>> http://www.andrewcarnegie.cc

* Other Walsh-Authored Blog & Web-Sites: Link >>> https://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/gawweb.html

Monday, May 2, 2022

Astro-Calendar: 2022 May / Starliner Test Flight May 19

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/CST-100_Starliner_integration_with_Atlas_V_for_Orbital_Flight_Test_%28KSC-20191121-PH-CSH02_0080%29_%28cropped%29.jpg

This photograph shows the Boeing Starliner spacecraft being mounted on top of the ULA Atlas V rocket at the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The second flight test is scheduled for May 19. More Information: Link >>> https://buhlplanetarium4.tripod.com/astrocalendar/2022.html#starliner2022-5

(Image Sources: NASA, Wikipedia.org, By NASA/Cory Huston - https://www.nasa.gov/feature/boeing-cst-100-starliner-takes-next-step-for-orbital-flight-test (image link), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=87867676)

Astronomical Calendar for 2022 May ---
Link >>> https://buhlplanetarium4.tripod.com/astrocalendar/2022.html#may

 Related Blog Post ---

"Astro-Calendar: 2022 April / 1st Private Astronaut Launch to Space Station April 6" Fri., 2022 April 1.

Link >>> https://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2022/04/astro-calendar-2022-april-1st-private.html

Source: Friends of the Zeiss.
            Monday, 2022 May 2.

                             Like This Post?  Please Share!

            More Astronomy & Science News - SpaceWatchtower Twitter Feed:
            Link >>> https://twitter.com/spacewatchtower

        Astronomy & Science Links: Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/#sciencelinks

                Want to receive SpaceWatchtower blog posts in your in-box ?
                Send request to < spacewatchtower@planetarium.cc >.

gaw

Glenn A. Walsh, Informal Science Educator & Communicator:
Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium2.tripod.com/weblog/spacewatchtower/gaw/
Electronic Mail: < gawalsh@planetarium.cc >
Project Director, Friends of the Zeiss: Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/fotz/
SpaceWatchtower Editor / Author: Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/
Formerly Astronomical Observatory Coordinator & Planetarium Lecturer, original Buhl Planetarium & Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center), Pittsburgh's science & technology museum from 1939 to 1991.
Formerly Trustee, Andrew Carnegie Free Library and Music Hall, Pittsburgh suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
Author of History Web Sites on the Internet --
* Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh: Link >>>  http://www.planetarium.cc  Buhl Observatory: Link >>>  http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2016/11/75th-anniversary-americas-5th-public.html
* Adler Planetarium, Chicago: Link >>> http://adlerplanetarium.tripod.com
* Astronomer, Educator, Optician John A. Brashear: Link >>> http://johnbrashear.tripod.com
* Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Libraries: Link >>> http://www.andrewcarnegie.cc

* Other Walsh Authored Blog & Web-Sites: Link >>> https://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/gawweb.html