In the 1980s, photographs of the Moon's South Pole, similar to the photo above (which is a photo of the waxing crescent Moon), were taken using the rather unique 10-inch Siderostat-type Refractor Telescope, in the third floor astronomical "People's Observatory" of the original Buhl Planetarium and Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center - Pittsburgh's science and technology museum from 1939 to 1991), by American Lunar Society Founder Francis G. Graham, as part of a national research project to better map the area near the Moon's South Pole. Yesterday, India launched an unmanned rover probe to explore the Moon's South Pole.
(Image Source: Friends of the Zeiss)
By Glenn A. Walsh
Reporting for SpaceWatchtower
Yesterday (Monday, 2019 July 22), India
launched a space probe and rover bound for the South Pole area of
Earth's Moon. The launch, which had been delayed since July 15 due to
technical problems, came just a couple days after the 50th
anniversary of the first humans, American astronauts Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin, to set-foot on the Moon.
If this mission is successful, India
will become the fourth Earth nation to soft-land a probe on the Moon.
Up until now, only the United States, Russia, and China have
successfully soft-landed probes on the Moon. On January 3, China
became the first nation to soft-land a probe on the far side of the
Moon, the Chang'e 4 Lander and Rover.
On April 11, the Beresheet Lunar
Lander, developed by Israel's private SpaceIL organization and
launched from Cape Canaveral by SpaceX, attempted a soft-landing on
the Moon. However, the robotic probe crashed on the lunar surface due
to a main engine failure in the final descent.
The Indian Space Research Organization
(ISRO) named the new space probe Chandrayaan-2, which translates from
Sanskrit to mean “Moon vehicle.” The probe was launched from the
Satish Dhawan Space Center at Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh state on
July 22 at 2:43 p.m. local time / 5:13 a.m. Eastern Daylight Saving
Time (EDT) / 9:13 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
The first Indian probe sent to the
Moon, Chandrayaan-1, was a lunar orbiter and impacter which was
launched on 2008 October 22. It entered lunar orbit on 2008 November
8 and operated until August of 2009. In a controlled manner, the
Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe separated from the orbiter and struck
near the Shackleton Crater, near the South Pole, on 2008 November 14.
The probe strike ejected sub-surface soil, which was analyzed to
determine if water-ice was present. After evaluating the data from
the impact probe, Indian scientists confirmed that water existed in
the lunar soil near the South Pole.
Weighing 3.8 tons, Chandrayaan-2
consists of an orbiter, lander, and rover and carries 13 payloads. It
will travel for 2 months before settling into a circular orbit 62
miles / 100 kilometers above the lunar surface around September 7.
The space probe's lander, named Vikram
(for Indian space pioneer Vikram Sarabhai), will then land near the
South Pole. Vikram will confirm the technology to soft-land on the
lunar surface.
A robotic rover named Pragyan (meaning
“wisdom”), after separating from the lander, will travel near the
South Pole area for 14 days (the amount of time sunlight will be
available). Vikram and Pragyan will collect mineral and chemical
samples from the lunar surface, sending the data back to India.
The primary goal of the mission is to study the water-ice and determine the amount of water available near the South Pole. This will be important for future human expeditions to the Moon, perhaps as soon as the proposed NASA return to the Moon by 2024. Water from craters near the South Pole, which do not receive any sunlight to melt the ice, can be used by astronauts for drinking water, to create oxygen to breathe, and to create rocket fuel.
The primary goal of the mission is to study the water-ice and determine the amount of water available near the South Pole. This will be important for future human expeditions to the Moon, perhaps as soon as the proposed NASA return to the Moon by 2024. Water from craters near the South Pole, which do not receive any sunlight to melt the ice, can be used by astronauts for drinking water, to create oxygen to breathe, and to create rocket fuel.
The orbiter will map the surface of the
Moon and evaluate what can be found of an outer atmosphere of the
Moon.
India plans to launch a Chandrayaan-3
mission to the Moon in the 2023-2024 period. In 2014, India became
the first Asian nation to put a probe (Mangalyaan) into orbit around
the planet Mars. ISRO is also considering putting a probe in orbit of
the planet Venus by 2023.
ISRO hopes to send Indian astronauts
into Earth orbit by 2022. The Indian space agency also plans on launching their own
space station into Earth orbit by 2030.
Even up until the 1980s, the South Pole
was one area of the Moon that was not well mapped. As part of a
national research project in the 1980s to better map the Moon's South
Pole area, photographs of the Moon were taken by American Lunar
Society Founder Francis G. Graham using the rather
unique 10-inch Siderostat-type Refractor Telescope, in the third
floor astronomical observatory of the original Buhl Planetarium and
Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center -
Pittsburgh's science and technology museum from 1939 to 1991).
Although
Buhl Planetarium's “People's Observatory” was primarily used as a
public observatory to educate the general public, particularly
students, from time-to-time the City of Pittsburgh-owned telescope
was used for scientific research.
At the time,
Francis G. Graham was a Buhl Planetarium and Observatory Lecturer.
Today, he is Professor Emeritus of Physics at Kent State University.
Internet Links to Additional Information ---
Link 1 >>> http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/chandrayaan-2.html
Link 2 >>> https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2
Link 3 >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO):
Link 1 >>> https://www.isro.gov.in/
Link 2 >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isro
Buhl Planetarium's “People's Observatory” & 10-inch Siderostat-type Refractor Telescope:
Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2016/11/75th-anniversary-americas-5th-public.html
Related Blog Posts --
"American Lunar Society Founder on 50th Anniversary: 1st Humans Walk on Moon !, KOKH’S QUESTION: After 50 Years, Why No Lunar Settlements ?"
2019 July 16.
Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2019/07/american-lunar-society-founder-on-50th.html
"American Lunar Society Founder on 50th Anniversary: 1st Humans Orbit Moon, The Incredible Legacy of Apollo 8." 2018 December 24.
Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2018/12/50th-anniversary-incredible-legacy-of.html
Source: Glenn A. Walsh Reporting for SpaceWatchtower, a project of Friends of the Zeiss.
Tuesday, 2019 July 23.
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gaw
Glenn A. Walsh, Informal Science Educator & Communicator:
< http://buhlplanetarium2.tripod.com/weblog/spacewatchtower/gaw/ >
Electronic Mail: < gawalsh@planetarium.cc >
Project Director, Friends of the Zeiss: < http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/fotz/ >
SpaceWatchtower Editor / Author: < http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/ >
Formerly Astronomical Observatory Coordinator & Planetarium Lecturer, original Buhl Planetarium & Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center), Pittsburgh's science & technology museum from 1939 to 1991.
Formerly Trustee, Andrew Carnegie Free Library and Music Hall, Pittsburgh suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
Author of History Web Sites on the Internet --
* Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh:
< http://www.planetarium.
* Adler Planetarium, Chicago:
< http://adlerplanetarium.
* Astronomer, Educator, Optician John A. Brashear:
< http://johnbrashear.tripod.com >
* Andrew Carnegie & Carnegie Libraries:
< http://www.andrewcarnegie.
